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Fennel

Uses

Principal Proposed Uses

Other Proposed Uses

The herb fennel has a long history of use as both food and medicine. Traditionally, it is said to act as a carminative, a term that means that it helps the body expel gas. Other traditional uses include increasing breast milk production, easing childbirth, soothing cough, promoting menstrual flow, soothing indigestion, and enhancing libido. Fennel is also a common ingredient in “gripe water,” a traditional (and highly alcoholic) preparation used for treating infant colic .

What Is Fennel Used for Today?

Animal and test-tube studies hint at a number of potential medicinal effects of fennel or its constituents, such as relaxing smooth muscles, stimulating the flow of bile, and reducing pain. 1,2 However, only double-blind , placebo-controlled studies in humans can actually show a treatment effective. Only one such study of this type has been performed for fennel.
This trial enrolled 125 infants with colic , who received either placebo or fennel seed oil at a dose of 12 mg daily per kg of body weight. 3 The results were promising. About 40% of the infants receiving fennel showed relief of colic symptoms, as compared to only 14% in the placebo group, a significant difference. Another way to view at the results involves looking at hours of inconsolable crying. In the treated group, infants cried about 9 hours per week, compared to 12 hours in the placebo group. While these are promising results, confirmation by an independent research group is necessary before the treatment can be accepted as effective.
Previously, a small double-blind, placebo-controlled study found similar benefits with a tea containing fennel as well as other herbs ( chamomile , vervain, licorice , and lemon balm ). 4
No other proposed uses of fennel have undergone study in double-blind trials. One study commonly cited as evidence that fennel is helpful for menstrual pain actually proved nothing at all. 5 This was an open trial that compared fennel to the drug mefenamic acid. Because participants and researchers were aware of which treatment was which, the power of suggestion had free play, making the results almost meaningless. (For more information, see Why Does This Database Rely on Double-blind Studies? ) Another study of fennel also failed to use a placebo. 9 .
At one time it was thought that fennel had estrogen-like effects, making it a phytoestrogen . 6 However, subsequent research has tended to indicate that fennel does not have significant phytoestrogen activity. 7

Dosage

A typical dose of fennel is 1–1 1/2 teaspoons of seeds per day, either in capsules or as tea.

Safety Issues

As a widely consumed food spice, fennel is thought to have a high safety factor. However, according to one placebo-controlled study with rats, fennel impairs the absorption of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (Cipro). 8 Fennel might be expected to interfere similarly with other drugs in the ciprofloxacin family, the fluoroquinolone drugs. Allowing 2 hours between taking ciprofloxacin and fennel should reduce the potential for an interaction, but may not eliminate it. For this reason, it may be advisable to avoid taking fennel during therapy with ciprofloxacin or other antibiotics in this family.
Maximum safe doses of fennel in young children, pregnant or nursing women, or people with severe liver or kidney disease have not been established.

Interactions You Should Know About

If you are taking:

References

1 Forster HB, Niklas H, Lutz S. Antispasmodic effects of some medicinal plants. Plant Med . 1980;40:303–19.

2 Tanira MOM, Shah AH, Mohsin A, et al. Pharmacological and toxicological investigations on Foeniculum vulgare dried fruit extract in experimental animals. Phytother Res . 1996;10:33–6.

3 Alexandrovich I, Rakovitskaya O, Kolmo E, et al. The effect of fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare ) seed oil emulsion in infantile colic: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Altern Ther Health Med . 2003;9:58–61.

4 Weizman Z, Alkrinawi S, Goldfarb D, et al. Efficacy of herbal tea preparation in infantile colic. J Pediatr . 1993;122:650–652.

5 Namavar Jahromi B, Tartifizadeh A, Khabnadideh S. Comparison of fennel and mefenamic acid for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Int J Gynaecol Obstet . 2003;80:153–7.

6 Albert-Puleo M. Fennel and anise as estrogenic agents. J Ethnopharmacol . 1980;2:337–344.

7 Zava DT, Dollbaum CM, Blen M. Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Proc Soc ExpBiol Med . 1998;217:369–378.

8 Zhu M, Wong PY, Li RC. Effect of oral administration of fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare ) on ciprofloxacin absorption and disposition in the rat. J Pharm Pharmacol . 1999;51:1391–6.

9 Modaress Nejad V, Asadipour M. Comparison of the effectiveness of fennel and mefenamic acid on pain intensity in dysmenorrhoea. East Mediterr Health J. 2006;12:423-7.

Revision Information

This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.

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